Importance Reported increases in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses
are accompanied by growing debate about the underlying factors. Although overdiagnosis is …

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the adult population is frequently
associated with comorbid psychiatric diseases that complicate its recognition, diagnosis and …

Abstract The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine convened a panel of experts to
provide an evidence-based, best practices document to assist sports medicine physicians …

Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. Natural sources of
caffeine include coffee, tea, and chocolate. Synthetic caffeine is also added to products to …

Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common
neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. The psychostimulant methylphenidate is the …

Objective: To review the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Data Sources and Data Extraction: A literature search was …

OBJECTIVE: To review the effects, adverse consequences, and extent of energy drink
consumption among children, adolescents, and young adults. METHODS: We searched …

Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common
psychiatric disorders of childhood that persists into adulthood in the majority of cases. The …

To successfully negotiate the developmental transition between youth and adulthood,
adolescents must maneuver this often stressful period while acquiring skills necessary for …