Inflammatory responses in the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous systems (CNS) play
key roles in the development and persistence of many pathologic pain states. 1 Certain …

In a large proportion of individuals nervous system damage may lead to a debilitating
chronic neuropathic pain. Such pain may now be considered a neuro-immune disorder …

Current pain therapeutics offer inadequate relief to patients with chronic pain. A growing
literature supports that pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling between immune, glial, and …

The central nervous system (CNS) regulates innate immune responses through hormonal
and neuronal routes. The neuroendocrine stress response and the sympathetic and …

Neuropathic pain represents a major problem in clinical medicine because it causes
debilitating suffering and is largely resistant to currently available analgesics. A …

Tissue damage, inflammation or injury of the nervous system may result in chronic
neuropathic pain characterised by increased sensitivity to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia), the …

Tumours contain immune cells and a network of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which
collaborate in the development and progression of cancer. Cytokine profiles might prove to …

Neuroimmune diseases have diverse symptoms and etiologies but all involve pathological
inflammation that affects normal central nervous system signaling. Critically, many …

Glial activation participates in the mediation of pain including neuropathic pain, due to
release of neuroexcitatory, proinflammatory products. Glial activation is now known to occur …

This review will introduce the concept of toll‐like receptor (TLR)–mediated glial activation as
central to all of the following: neuropathic pain, compromised acute opioid analgesia, and …