Flowing blood generates a frictional force called shear stress that has major effects on
vascular function. Branches and bends of arteries are exposed to complex blood flow …

Atherosclerosis is considered one of the primary causes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
Unpredictable rupture of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques triggers adverse …

Acute cardiovascular events, due to rupture or erosion of an atherosclerotic plaque,
represent the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients. Growing evidence suggests …

The vascular endothelium is a highly specialized barrier that controls passage of fluids and
migration of cells from the lumen into the vessel wall. Endothelial cells assist leukocytes to …

Atherosclerosis, the principal cause of cardiovascular death worldwide, is a pathological
disease characterized by fibro-proliferation, chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and …

The majority of acute cardiovascular events (CVE) in patients are caused by occlusive
thrombosis because of rupture or erosion of atherosclerotic plaques. 1 Growth differentiation …

Bypass surgery is one of the most frequently used strategies to revascularize tissues
downstream occlusive atherosclerotic lesions. For venous bypass surgery the great …

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) describe abnormal vascular system
conditions affecting the brain and heart. Among these, ischemic heart disease and ischemic …

The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now widely accepted. Immune
cells, including T cells, are influenced by inflammatory signals and contribute to the onset …

Atherosclerosis, calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), and bioprosthetic heart valve
degeneration (alternatively termed structural valve deterioration, SVD) represent three …