There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be referred to by other terms (eg, early life
adversity or stress and childhood trauma) and have a lifelong impact on mental and physical …

Sex has a role in the incidence and outcome of neurological illnesses, also influencing the
response to treatments. Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset and progression of …

Men and women sleep differently. While much is known about the mechanisms that drive
sleep, the reason for these sex differences in sleep behaviour is unknown and understudied …

The SOX proteins belong to the superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that display
properties of both classical TFs and architectural components of chromatin. Since the …

Women and men, female and male animals and cells are biologically different, and
acknowledgement of this fact is critical to advancing medicine. However, incorporating …

Estradiol and testosterone are powerful steroid hormones that impact brain function in
numerous ways. During development, these hormones can act to program the adult brain in …

Background: Hormonal contraceptive drugs are being used by adult and adolescent women
all over the world. Convergent evidence from animal research indicates that contraceptive …

In response to NIH initiatives to investigate sex as a biological variable in preclinical animal
studies, researchers have increased their focus on male and female differences in …

Sex is ubiquitous and variable throughout the animal kingdom. Historically, scientists have
used reductionist methodologies that rely on a priori sex categorizations, in which two …