The fish gill is a multipurpose organ that, in addition to providing for aquatic gas exchange,
plays dominant roles in osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of …

Fish encounter harsh ionic/osmotic gradients on their aquatic environments, and the
mechanisms through which they maintain internal homeostasis are more challenging …

Compared to terrestrial animals, fish have to cope with more-challenging osmotic and ionic
gradients from aquatic environments with diverse salinities, ion compositions, and pH …

In the 1930s, August Krogh, Homer Smith, and Ancel Keys knew that teleost fishes were
hyperosmotic to fresh water and hyposmotic to seawater, and, therefore, they were …

The article discusses advances in osmoregulation and excretion with emphasis on how
multicellular animals in different osmotic environments regulate their milieu intérieur …

Current understanding of chloride cells (CCs) is briefly reviewed with emphasis on
molecular aspects of their channels, transporters and regulators. Seawater-type and …

Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus embryos were transferred from freshwater to
seawater and vice versa, and short-term changes in the localization of three major ion …

The ion regulation mechanisms of fishes have been recently studied in zebrafish (Danio
rerio), a stenohaline species. However, recent advances using this organism are not …

Examples of parallel evolution of phenotypic traits have been repeatedly demonstrated in
threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) across their global distribution. Using …

Fishes are the first vertebrates, descendents of the early chordates* that evolved from
marine, deuterostome invertebrates. The extant lancelets and tunicates both marine and …