Multicellularity is characterized by cooperation among cells for the development,
maintenance and reproduction of the multicellular organism. Cancer can be viewed as …

Although bacteria frequently live as unicellular organisms, many spend at least part of their
lives in complex communities, and some have adopted truly multicellular lifestyles and have …

The interspecies exchange of metabolites plays a key role in the spatiotemporal dynamics of
microbial communities. This raises the question of whether ecosystem-level behavior of …

Multicellularity was one of the most significant innovations in the history of life, but its initial
evolution remains poorly understood. Using experimental evolution, we show that key steps …

Cyanobacteria carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, play a key role in the cycling of carbon
and nitrogen in the biosphere, and have had a large impact on the evolution of life and the …

Benefits of increased size and functional specialization of cells have repeatedly promoted
the evolution of multicellular organisms from unicellular ancestors. Many requirements for …

Simple multicellularity has evolved numerous times within the Eukarya, but complex
multicellular organisms belong to only six clades: animals, embryophytic land plants …

A fundamental problem in biology is the evolutionary transition from single cells to
multicellular life forms,,. During this transition the unit of selection shifts from individual cells …

Winogradsky discovered in 1890 that nitrification is carried out in two consecutive steps by
two distinct groups of bacteria: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. An …

On its own, a single cell cannot exert more than a microscopic influence on its immediate
surroundings. However, via strength in numbers and the expression of cooperative …