Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of the mammalian
skeleton and are responsible for its sexual dimorphism. Estrogen deficiency at menopause …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

A eubiotic microbiota influences many physiological processes in the metazoan host,
including development and intestinal homeostasis. Here, we have shown that the intestinal …

Mouse models with cell-specific deletion of the estrogen receptor (ER) α, the androgen
receptor (AR) or the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), as well as …

The gut microbiota modulates host metabolism and development of immune status. Here we
show that the gut microbiota is also a major regulator of bone mass in mice. Germ‐free (GF) …

Estrogen deficiency is a major risk factor for osteoporosis that is associated with bone
inflammation and resorption. Half of women over the age of 50 will experience an …

Stem cell–based regenerative medicine is a promising approach in tissue reconstruction.
Here we show that proinflammatory T cells inhibit the ability of exogenously added bone …

Estrogen is critical for skeletal homeostasis and regulates bone remodeling, in part, by
modulating the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), an essential …

The gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and well-being
of the host. Recent studies have demonstrated that the GM may significantly influence bone …

Estrogen deficiency causes a gut microbiome–dependent expansion of BM Th17 cells and
TNF-α–producing T cells. The resulting increased BM levels of IL-17a (IL-17) and TNF …