Photosynthesis sustains plant life on earth and is indispensable for plant growth and
development. Factors such as unfavorable environmental conditions, stress regulatory …

We review the mechanism underlying nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence
quenching (NPQ) and its role in protecting plants against photoinhibition. This review …

Plants as sessile organisms are continuously exposed to abiotic stress conditions that
impose numerous detrimental effects and cause tremendous loss of yield. Abiotic stresses …

Photosynthesis is a high-rate redox metabolic process that is subjected to rapid changes in
input parameters, particularly light. Rapid transients of photon capture, electron fluxes, and …

Global warming has led to increased temperature of the earth which is a major abiotic stress
posing a serious threat to the plants. Photosynthesis is amongst the plant cell functions that …

The world faces two enormous challenges that can be met, at least in part and at low cost, by
making certain changes in agricultural practices. There is need to produce enough food and …

Photosystem (PS) II is a multisubunit thylakoid membrane pigment–protein complex
responsible for light-driven oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone. Currently …

Photosynthesis is the energetic basis for most life on Earth, and in plants it operates inside
double membrane–bound organelles called chloroplasts. The photosynthetic apparatus …

Drought stress (DS) is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and crop
productivity worldwide. It has been established that exogenous spermidine (Spd) stimulates …

The ability of photosystem (PS) II to catalyze the light-driven oxidation of water comes along
with its vulnerability to oxidative damage, in particular of the D1 core subunit …