Similar to natural muscle fibers, coiled artificial muscle fibers provide a straightforward
contraction. However, unlike natural muscle fibers, their recovery from the contracted state to …

Conductive hydrogels have been promising candidates for wearable and flexible electronics
due to their high flexibility and biocompatibility. However, the previously reported hydrogels …

Spider silk, possessing exceptional combination properties, is classified as a bio‐gel fiber.
Thereby, it serves as a valuable origin of inspiration for the advancement of various artificial …

Dielectric elastomers in the shape of thin films are heavily investigated, but they do not
produce beneficial strains and forces comparable to that of skeletal muscles without …

Shape memory hydrogels provide a worldwide scope for functional soft materials. However,
most shape memory hydrogels exhibit poor mechanical properties, leading to low actuation …

Constructing soft robotics with safe human–machine interactions requires low‐modulus,
high‐power‐density artificial muscles that are sensitive to gentle stimuli. In addition, the …

Bilayer hydrogels, endowed with multiresponsive and switchable color-changing properties,
have garnered significant attention for bioinspired artificial intelligent materials. However …

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), as a classical two-way shape-memory material, are good
candidates for developing artificial muscles that mimic the contraction, expansion, or …

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are an emerging class of smart materials for soft
actuation machines. LCE composites (LCECs), via the incorporation of fillers into LCE …

Quasi-bilayered actuators composed of Fe3O4-decorated graphene oxide and
polyvinylidene fluoride have been fabricated in a magnetic field. The actuators could stably …