Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1013 II. The mycorrhizal symbiosis at the dawn and
rise of the land flora 1014 III. From early land plants to early trees: the origin of roots and true …

Ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) shrubs commonly occur in forest understories and could therefore
alter arbuscular (AM) and/or ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree effects on soil carbon and nitrogen …

Some soil fungi in the Leotiomycetes form ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) symbioses with
Ericaceae. In the harsh habitats in which they occur, ERM plant survival relies on nutrient …

There is increasing awareness that many terrestrial and aquatic organisms are not strictly
heterotrophic or autotrophic but rather mixotrophic. Mixotrophy is an intermediate nutritional …

Since the early colonization of land, plants depend, to various extents, on mycorrhizal fungi
to meet their nutrient demands. In most mycorrhizal symbioses, plants provide sugars …

Fungi are dominant ecological participants in the forest ecosystems, which play a major role
in recycling organic matter and channeling nutrients across trophic levels. Fungal …

Fully mycoheterotrophic plants can be difficult to place in plant phylogeny due to elevated
substitution rates associated with photosynthesis loss. This potentially limits the …

Mycorrhizal symbioses (mycorrhizas) of Ericaceae, including ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM), have
been mainly studied in the Northern Hemisphere, although the highest diversity of …

Although mutualistic interactions are widespread and essential in ecosystem functioning, the
emergence of uncooperative cheaters threatens their stability, unless there are some …

This chapter focuses on the Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB), a generic name given to
bacteria which stimulate the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis. By extension, some …