Background Crops are constantly attacked by various pathogens. These pathogenic
microorganisms, such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, threaten …

One of the most important phytohormones is salicylic acid (SA), which is essential for the
regulation of plant growth, development, ripening, and defense responses. The role of SA in …

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor-mediated immunity includes rapid
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and transcriptional reprogramming, which is …

Autophagy, as an intracellular degradation system, plays a critical role in plant immunity.
However, the involvement of autophagy in the plant immune system and its function in plant …

Spaceflight microgravity and modeled-microgravity analogs (MMA) broadly alter gene
expression and physiology in both pathogens and plants. Research elucidating plant and …

Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that delivers dysfunctional cellular
organelles or other cytosol components to degradative vesicular structures (vacuoles in …

Grapes are globally recognized as economically significant fruit trees. Among grape
varieties, Thompson Seedless holds paramount influence for fresh consumption and for …

Thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthesis involves key enzymes known as thiazole moieties
(THI1/THI2), which have been shown to participate in plant responses to abiotic stress …

Plants have evolved a two-layer immune system comprising pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)
and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that is activated in response to pathogen invasion …

Plants respond to elevated CO 2 (eCO 2) via a variety of signaling pathways that often rely
on plant hormones. In particular, phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) …