Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are large-scale heliospheric transients that
originate from the Sun. When an ICME is sufficiently faster than the preceding solar wind, a …

Almost 40 years ago the concept of the substorm current wedge was developed to explain
the magnetic signatures observed on the ground and in geosynchronous orbit during …

Rapid plasma eruptions explosively release energy within Earth's magnetosphere, at the
Sun and at other planets. At Earth, these eruptions, termed plasmoids, occur in the …

Abstract The Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms
(THEMIS) mission is the fifth NASA Medium-class Explorer (MIDEX), launched on February …

Strong enhancements of outer Van Allen belt electrons have been shown to have a clear
dependence on solar wind speed and on the duration of southward interplanetary magnetic …

Magnetospheric substorms explosively release solar wind energy previously stored in
Earth's magnetotail, encompassing the entire magnetosphere and producing spectacular …

Abstract Space weather effects arise from the dynamic conditions in the Earth's space
environment driven by processes on the Sun. While some effects are influenced neither by …

The structure of the dissipation region in collisionless magnetic reconnection is investigated
by means of kinetic particle-in-cell simulations and analytical theory. Analyses of simulations …

We have studied possible braking mechanisms of high‐speed ion flows in the near‐Earth
central plasma sheet for radial distances between 9 and 19 Earth Radii (RE) on the basis of …

Fast tailward ion flows with strongly southward magnetic fields are frequently observed near
the neutral sheet in the premidnight sector of the magnetotail at 20–30 RE for substorm …