This review discusses one-dimensional supramolecular polymers that form in aqueous
media. First, naturally occurring supramolecular polymers are described, in particular …

Nano-and micromotors are nano-and microscale devices, respectively, designed to perform
selected mechanical movements (eg, rotation, rolling, shuttling, delivery, contraction, and …

Biological molecular motors (or biomolecular motors for short) are nature's solution to the
efficient conversion of chemical energy to mechanical movement. In biological systems …

In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the emerging field of bioactuators
across a multitude of length scales. First, we discuss the use and control of biomolecules as …

Mechanical stress significantly affects the physiological functions of cells, including tissue
homeostasis, cytoskeletal alterations, and intracellular transport. As a major cytoskeletal …

Microtubules are hollow, cylindrical polymers of the protein α, β tubulin, that interact
mechanochemically with a variety of macromolecules. Due to their mechanically robust …

Microtubules, the most rigid components of the cytoskeleton, can be key transduction
elements between external forces and the cellular environment. Mechanical forces induce …

Mechanical failure of biological nanostructures due to sustained force application has been
studied in great detail. In contrast, fatigue failure arising from repeated application of …

Mini and micro robots, which can swim in an underwater environment, have drawn
widespread research interests because of their potential applicability to the medical or …

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in engineering dynamic and autonomous
systems with robotic functionalities using biomolecules. Specifically, the ability of molecular …