Diverse commensal populations are now regarded as key to physiological homeostasis and
protection against disease. Although bacteria are the most abundant component of …

Defensins and LL-37 play key roles in maintaining mucosal barriers against invasive
infection and initiating immune responses after infection or injury to mucosal surfaces …

The respiratory system is well defended against inhaled bacteria by a dynamic system of
interacting layers, including mucociliary clearance, host defense factors including …

Pneumonia is a leading cause of loss to the cattle industry in the United States and Europe.
Of cattle diseases, it has the greatest economic impact. Respiratory pathogens can cause …

A high ambient temperature is a highly relevant stressor in poultry production. Heat stress
(HS) has been reported to reduce animal welfare, performance indices and increase …

Cathelicidins are peptide components of the innate immune system of mammals. Apart from
exerting a direct antibiotic activity, they can also trigger specific defense responses in the …

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a multifactorial disease of cattle which
presents as bacterial and viral pneumonia. The causative agents of BRDC work in synergy …

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial condition where different genera of
bacteria, such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, and …

Recent years have witnessed a surge in interest directed at innate immune mechanisms.
Proper conceptualization of the key elements of innate immunity, however, is still a work in …

ABSTRACT The Gram-negative bacterium Mannheimia haemolytica is the primary bacterial
species associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and is responsible for significant …