The recent developments in time-domain diffuse optics that rely on physical concepts (eg,
time-gating and null distance) and advanced photonic components (eg, vertical cavity …

Time-of-flight (ToF) sensors using light pulses or continuous waves allow accurate distance
measurements. Three-dimensional imagers can be based on an array of timing or time …

We present a CMOS imager consisting of 32× 32 smart pixels, each one able to detect
single photons in the 300-900 nm wavelength range and to perform both photon-counting …

The generation, measurement, and manipulation of light at the single-and few-photon levels
underpin a rapidly expanding range of applications. These range from applications moving …

Capturing depth and reflectivity images at low light levels from active illumination of a scene
has wide-ranging applications. Conventionally, even with detectors sensitive to individual …

We report on the design and characterization of a multipurpose 64× 32 CMOS single-photon
avalanche diode (SPAD) array. The chip is fabricated in a high-voltage 0.35-μm CMOS …

This article provides a tutorial introduction to the direct Time-of-Flight (dToF) signal chain
and typical artifacts introduced due to detector and processing electronic limitations. We …

We present an end-to-end image processing framework for time-of-flight (ToF) cameras.
Existing ToF image processing pipelines consist of a sequence of operations including …

A CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based quarter video graphics array image
sensor with 8-μm pixel pitch and 26.8% fill factor (FF) is presented. The combination of …

Lidar has already achieved long-distance and high-accuracy detection due to the improved
sensitivity and timing accuracy of single-photon detectors (SPDs). However, single-photon …