Pain is a subjective experience that is influenced by genetics, gender, social, cultural and
personal parameters. Opposed to chronic pain, which by definition has to last for at least 3 …

Chronic pain, as a stress state, is one of the critical factors for determining depression, and
their coexistence tends to further aggravate the severity of both disorders. Unfortunately …

This guideline provides recommendations for clinicians providing pain care, including those
prescribing opioids, for outpatients aged≥ 18 years. It updates the CDC Guideline for …

Methodological advancements, including propensity score methods, have resulted in
improved unbiased estimation of treatment effects from observational data. Traditionally, a …

Importance Patients prescribed long-term opioid therapy are increasingly undergoing dose
tapering. Recent studies suggest that tapering is associated with short-term risks of …

The comorbidity of depression and addiction has become a serious public health issue, and
the relationship between these two disorders and their potential mechanisms has attracted …

The opioid epidemic is a public health problem associated with a host of negative outcomes.
Although clinicians recognize covariation between opioid misuse with anxiety and …

There is growing evidence that opioid prescribing in the United States follows a pattern in
which patients who are at the highest risk of adverse outcomes from opioids are more likely …

Objective: Opioid use disorder (OUD) in the United States has surged, with an estimated 2.5
million needing treatment. The aim of this article is to provide a clinical overview of the key …

Background Long‐term opioid prescribing for musculoskeletal pain is controversial due to
uncertainty regarding effectiveness and safety. This study examined the risks of a range of …