Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Representing such a
dramatic impact on our lives, liver cancer is a significant public health concern. Sustainable …

Multi‐cellular spheroids are formed as a 3D structure with dense cell–cell/cell–extracellular
matrix interactions, and thus, have been widely utilized as implantable therapeutics and …

(1) In compliance with the 3Rs policy to reduce, refine and replace animal experiments, the
development of advanced in vitro models is needed for nanotoxicity assessment. Cells …

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used and versatile chemical compounds in
polymer additives and epoxy resins for manufacturing a range of products for human …

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture monolayers are commonly used for toxicological
assessments of nanomaterials. Despite their facile handling, they exhibit several constraints …

The number of successful drug development projects has been stagnant for decades
despite major breakthroughs in chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Unreliable target …

Alternative methods to animal use in toxicology are evolving with new advanced tools and
multilevel approaches, to answer from one side to 3Rs requirements, and on the other side …

From growing cells in spheroids to arranging them on complex engineered scaffolds, three-
dimensional cell culture protocols are rapidly expanding and diversifying. While these …

The major weakness of the current in vitro genotoxicity test systems is the inability of the
indicator cells to express metabolic enzymes needed for the activation and detoxification of …

Changes in the genetic material can lead to serious human health defects, as mutations in
somatic cells may cause cancer and can contribute to other chronic diseases. Genotoxic …