Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

The ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA-DA) mesolimbic circuit processes emotional,
motivational, and social reward associations together with their more demanding cognitive …

The mesocorticolimbic pathway is canonically known as the" reward pathway." Embedded
within the center of this circuit is the striatum, a massive and complex network hub that …

The NOP receptor (nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide receptor) is the most recently
discovered member of the opioid receptor family and, together with its endogenous ligand …

Erection is basically a spinal reflex that can be initiated by recruitment of penile afferents,
both autonomic and somatic, and supraspinal influences from visual, olfactory, and …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Abstract Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is a 17 amino acid peptide that was deorphanized
in 1995. The generation of specific agonists, antagonists and receptor deficient mice and …

Abstract Nociceptin/orphanin-FQ (N/OFQ) is a recently appreciated critical opioid peptide
with key regulatory functions in several central behavioral processes including motivation …

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is a 17-residue neuropeptide that binds the nociceptin
opioid-like receptor (NOP). N/OFQ exhibits nucleotidic and aminoacidics sequence …

The nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) receptor, the fourth member of the opioid receptor family,
is involved in many processes common to the opioid receptors including pain and drug …