Since the initial description of the phenomenon by Jennings et al 50 years ago, our
understanding of the underlying mechanisms of reperfusion injury has grown significantly …

The current emphasis on comparative effectiveness research will provide practicing
physicians with increasing volumes of observational evidence about preventive care …

In pharmacoepidemiology, routinely collected data from electronic health records (including
primary care databases, registries, and administrative healthcare claims) are a resource for …

Studies that generate real-world evidence on the effects of medical products through
analysis of digital data collected in clinical practice provide key insights for regulators …

Regulators consider randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as the gold standard for evaluating
the safety and effectiveness of medications, but their costs, duration, and limited …

Causal inference based on a restricted version of the potential outcomes approach
reasoning is assuming an increasingly prominent place in the teaching and practice of …

Importance Use of robotic surgery has increased in urological practice over the last decade.
However, the use, outcomes, and costs of robotic nephrectomy are unknown. Objectives To …

Importance Patients with septic shock may benefit from the initiation of corticosteroids.
However, the comparative effectiveness of the 2 most studied corticosteroid regimens …

Background Concerns regarding the safety of transfused blood have led to the development
of a range of interventions to minimise blood loss during major surgery. Anti‐fibrinolytic …

BACKGROUND Fibrinolysis is a physiologic process maintaining patency of the
microvasculature. Maladaptive overactivation of this essential function (hyperfibrinolysis) is …