This article reviews the technical applicability of various physico–chemical treatments for the
removal of heavy metals such as Cd (II), Cr (III), Cr (VI), Cu (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) from …

Membranes, as the primary tool in membrane separation techniques, tend to suffer external
deposition of pollutants and microorganisms depending on the nature of the treating …

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) can no longer be considered as a novel process. This
reliable and efficient technology has become a legitimate alternative to conventional …

Multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyethersulfone (C/P) blend membranes were synthesized
via the phase inversion method. The resultant membranes were then characterized by …

The Handbook of Membrane Separations: Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Biotechnological
Applications provides detailed information on membrane separation technologies as they …

Surface roughness has crucial influence on the fouling propensity of thin film composite
(TFC) polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. A common wisdom is that rougher …

Submerged membrane bioreactors (SMBRs) operate at constant imposed flux usually with
the membranes in direct contact with the mixed liquor. Membrane fouling is evident as a rise …

With an increase in the organic acid requirement, the production of organic acids has been
increased over the years. To achieve cost-effective production of organic acids, efficient …

A composite microfiltration membrane, prepared by blending polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
and hydrophilic graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, was successfully used in a submerged …

To improve fouling resistance, polyamide reverse osmosis (XLE) and nanofiltration (NF90)
membranes were modified by grafting poly (ethylene glycol)(PEG) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) …