Background: Over half of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and this proportion
is expected to increase. While there have been numerous reviews of empirical studies on …

Background Evidence is mounting to suggest a causal relationship between the built
environment and people's physical activity behaviours, particularly active transport. The …

Active travel (walking or cycling for transport) is considered the most sustainable form of
personal transport. Yet its net effects on mobility-related CO 2 emissions are complex and …

Background Physical inactivity is a global problem that increases the risk of many chronic
diseases and shortens life expectancy. The built environment contributes to physical …

Research linking bikeway infrastructure and cycling levels has increased significantly over
the last 20 years—with the strongest growth since 2010. The research has evolved from the …

Health aspects of day-to-day cycling have gained attention from the health sector aiming to
increase levels of physical activity, and from the transport and planning sector, to justify …

Introduction Prevalence of walking and cycling for transport is low and varies greatly across
countries. Few studies have examined neighborhood perceptions related to walking and …

Objectives. We evaluated the effects of providing new high-quality, traffic-free routes for
walking and cycling on overall levels of walking, cycling, and physical activity. Methods …

We conducted a health impact assessment (HIA) of cycling network expansions in seven
European cities. We modeled the association between cycling network length and cycling …

A number of review studies document associations between the perceived and objectively
measured neighborhood environment and physical activity. However, current evidence does …