The rostral half of the ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and adjacent ventrolateral retropontine
region (henceforth RVLMRP) have been divided into various sectors by neuroscientists …

ABSTRACT A debate has raged since the discovery of central and peripheral respiratory
chemoreceptors as to whether the reflexes they mediate combine in an additive (ie, no …

Reflex increases in breathing in response to acute hypoxia are dependent on activation of
the carotid body (CB)—A specialised peripheral chemoreceptor. Central to CB O2-sensing …

Key points Adenosine and dopamine (DA) are neuromodulators in the carotid body (CB)
chemoafferent pathway, but their mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. Using …

The second messenger cAMP is integral for many physiological processes. Soluble adenylyl
cyclase (sAC) was recently identified as a widely expressed intracellular source of cAMP in …

The carotid body (CB) is an important organ located at the carotid bifurcation that constantly
monitors the blood supplying the brain. During hypoxia, the CB immediately triggers an …

Cholangiocytes express cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR),
which is involved in bicarbonate secretion for the protection against bile toxicity. During liver …

Carotid body (CB) hyperactivity promotes hypertension in response to chronic intermittent
hypoxia (CIH). The plasma concentration of adrenaline is reported to be elevated in CIH and …

Carotid body (CB) stimulation by hypercapnia causes a reflex increase in ventilation and,
along with the central chemoreceptors, this prevents a potentially lethal systemic acidosis …

Hypercapnic acidosis activates Ca 2+ channels and increases intracellular Ca 2+ levels in
neurons of the locus coeruleus, a known chemosensitive region involved in respiratory …