The first generation of stars, often called Population III (or Pop III), form from metal-free
primordial gas at redshifts z∼ 30 and below. They dominate the cosmic star-formation …

The existence of∼ 109M⊙ supermassive black holes (SMBHs) within the first billion years
of the Universe has stimulated numerous ideas for the prompt formation and rapid growth of …

We present measurements of black hole masses and Eddington ratios (λ Edd) for a sample
of 38 bright (M 1450<− 24.4 mag) quasars at 5.8≲ z≲ 7.5, derived from Very Large …

How quasars powered by supermassive black holes formed less than a billion years after
the Big Bang is still one of the outstanding problems in astrophysics, 20 years after their …

We present the grackle chemistry and cooling library for astrophysical simulations and
models. grackle provides a treatment of non-equilibrium primordial chemistry and cooling for …

In recent years, the discovery of massive quasars at has provided a striking challenge to our
understanding of the origin and growth of supermassive black holes in the early Universe …

The detection of quasars at z> 6 unveils the presence of supermassive black holes of a few
billion solar masses. The rapid formation process of these extreme objects remains a …

We study how runaway stellar collisions in high-redshift, metal-poor star clusters form very
massive stars (VMSs) that can directly collapse to intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) …

Supermassive black holes (BHs) reside in the centre of most local galaxies, but they also
power active galactic nuclei and quasars, detected up to z= 7. These quasars put constraints …

The origin of super-massive black holes in the early universe remains poorly understood.
Gravitational collapse of a massive primordial gas cloud is a promising initial process, but …