Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

Fiber photometry is a key technique for characterizing brain-behavior relationships in vivo.
Initially, it was primarily used to report calcium dynamics as a proxy for neural activity via …

Genetically encoded dopamine sensors based on green fluorescent protein (GFP) enable
high-resolution imaging of dopamine dynamics in behaving animals. However, these GFP …

Nausea, the unpleasant sensation of visceral malaise, remains a mysterious process. The
area postrema is implicated in some nausea responses and is anatomically privileged to …

Binding of arrestin to phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is crucial for
modulating signaling. Once internalized, some GPCRs remain complexed with β-arrestins …

Transient neuromodulation can have long-lasting effects on neural circuits and motivational
states,,–. Here we examine the dopaminergic mechanisms that underlie mating drive and its …

Inexorable increases in insulin resistance, lipolysis, and hepatic glucose production (HGP)
are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. Previously, we showed that peripheral delivery of …

Central nervous system neurons communicate via fast synaptic transmission mediated by
ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) receptors and slower neuromodulation mediated by G …

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second
messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1–9 …

Genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescent proteins (FPs) are a reliable tool for
studying the various biological processes in living systems. The circular permutation of …