Objective This review proposes revisions to the current classification system for gingival
diseases and provides a rationale for how it differs from the 1999 classification system …

An increase in the prevalence and severity of gingival inflammation during pregnancy has
been reported since the 1960s. Though the etiology is not fully known, it is believed that …

Objective There are no studies that have compared the clinical (plaque index [PI], bleeding
on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [AL] and number of missing …

Aim While the short‐term effects of hormonal events on gingival inflammation have been
well described, long‐term effects on the periodontium have received less attention. The aim …

Hormones (progesterone and estradiol) change greatly during pregnancy; however, the
mechanism of hormonal changes on gingival inflammation is still unclear. This study is to …

Background: The role of interleukin (IL)‐1β in periodontal disease pathogenesis is well
researched. This study aimed to assess and compare the salivary IL‐1β levels in patients …

Background A fat-enriched diet favors the development of gram negative bacteria in the
intestine which is linked to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Interestingly, some …

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of oral contraceptive (OC)
use on the subgingival occurrence of specific periodontopathogens and the host's …

Purpose The immune system is influenced by many factors, including female sex hormones.
The extent of this influence, however, is not completely understood so far. This systematic …

Background: Fluctuations in sex steroid hormones, which are also noticeable through the
menstrual cycle of women, may impact periodontal health. The aim of this study is to …