Dioecious plants exhibit sexual dimorphism in both sexual features (reproductive organs)
and secondary sex characteristics (vegetative traits). Sexual differences in secondary traits …

Background Sex chromosomes have arisen independently in a wide variety of species, yet
they share common characteristics, including the presence of suppressed recombination …

Cannabis sativa L.(hemp, marijuana) produces male and female inflorescences on different
plants (dioecious) and therefore the plants are obligatory out-crossers. In commercial …

Dioecy has evolved numerous times in plants, but heteromorphic sex chromosomes are
apparently rare. Sex determination has been studied in multiple Salix and Populus …

Background Sex chromosomes have evolved independently multiple times in eukaryotes
and are therefore considered a prime example of convergent genome evolution. Sex …

Sex chromosomes can evolve when recombination is halted between a pair of
chromosomes, and this can lead to degeneration of the sex-limited chromosome. In the early …

Woody perennial angiosperms (ie, hardwood trees) are polyphyletic in origin and occur in
most angiosperm orders. Despite their independent origins, hardwoods have shared …

Dioecious Salix evolved more than 45 million years ago, but have homomorphic sex
chromosomes, suggesting that turnover event (s) prevented major differentiation. Sex …

Background Hybridization of species with porous genomes can eventually lead to
introgression via repeated backcrossing. The potential for introgression between species is …

Salix triandra belongs to section Amygdalinae in genus Salix, which is in a different section
from the willow species in which sex determination has been well studied. Studying sex …