The Earth's cryosphere comprises those regions that are cold enough for water to turn into
ice. Recent findings show that the icy realms of polar oceans, glaciers and ice sheets are …

Polar Regions are unique and highly prolific ecosystems characterized by extreme
environmental gradients. Photosynthetic autotrophs, the base of the food web, have had to …

Photosystem I (PSI) is one of the most studied electron transfer (ET) systems in nature; it is
found in plants, algae, and bacteria. The effect of the system structure and its electronic …

The persistent low temperature that characterize polar habitats combined with the
requirement for light for all photoautotrophs creates a conundrum. The absorption of too …

Polar microalgae that are highly productive in cold climates can produce large amounts of
biomass and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The polar Chlamydomonas malina …

Nitrogen stress is an important control on the growth of phytoplankton and varying
responses to this common condition among taxa may affect their relative success within …

Background The plastid is a semiautonomous organelle with its own genome. Plastid
genomes have been widely used as models for studying phylogeny, speciation and …

Photosynthetic algae are the main primary producers in polar regions, form the basis of
polar food webs, and are responsible for a significant portion of global carbon fixation. Many …

The Earth is a cold place. Most of it exists at or below the freezing point of water. Although
seemingly inhospitable, such extreme environments can harbour a variety of organisms …

Abstract The Antarctic green alga Chlamydomonas sp. UWO 241 (UWO 241) is adapted to
permanent low temperatures, hypersalinity, and extreme shade. One of the most striking …