Full-endoscopic spinal fusion surgery has emerged as a crucial approach for managing
lumbar degenerative spinal disease. A significant concern in endoscopic spinal fusion …

Endoscopic surgery of the cervical spine is constantly evolving and the spectrum of its
indications has expanded in recent decades. Full-endoscopic techniques have standardized …

Endoscopic spine surgery has evolved exponentially. However, the two-dimensional (2D)
view results in lack of stereoscopic vision and depth perception, contributing to the steep …

In recent decades, minimally invasive endoscopic spine surgeries have advanced
significantly, enabling effective interventions with reduced patient trauma. The lumbar …

Conservative treatment is primarily performed for the treatment of patients with lumbar disc
herniation (LDH), but if it does not respond, surgical treatment can be performed. However …

ABSTRACT Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) is a severe neurological emergency resulting
from the compression of the lumbosacral nerve roots, potentially causing motor and sensory …

Endoscopic surgery effectively treats foraminal pathologies of the spine; however,
transforaminal access at L5-S1 can be challenging in patients with a high iliac crest, which …

Cervical endoscopy is one of the most advanced stages in the learning curve for endoscopic
techniques in spine surgery, requiring precise control of instruments to avoid severe …

ABSTRACT Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological condition that can
make it difficult to identify symptoms such as pain and neurological changes due to …

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