The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

Simple Summary Pain causes behavioral, autonomic and neuroendocrine changes and is a
common cause of animal welfare compromise in farm animals. These recommendations …

Grimace scales have been used for pain assessment in different species. This study aimed
to develop and validate the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) to detect naturally-occurring acute …

Facial expressions in non-human animals are closely linked to their internal affective states,
with the majority of empirical work focusing on facial shape changes associated with pain …

Understanding animal emotions is a key to unlocking methods for improving animal welfare.
Currently there are no 'benchmarks' or any scientific assessments available for measuring …

Grimace scales quantify characteristic facial expressions associated with spontaneous pain
in rodents and other mammals. However, these scales have not been widely adopted …

Facial expressions are increasingly being used to assess pain in non-human species,
including rodents, horses, and lambs. The development of these species-specific grimace …

The EU Directive 2010/63/EU changed the requirements regarding the use of laboratory
animals and raised important issues related to assessing the severity of all procedures …

Behavioural and physiological markers of discrete positive emotions remain little
investigated in animals. To characterise new markers in horses, we used tactile stimulations …

There is a moral obligation to minimize pain in pigs used for human benefit. In livestock
production, pigs experience pain caused by management procedures, eg, castration and tail …