Macrophages are key immune cells that respond to infections, and modulate
pathophysiological conditions such as wound healing. By possessing phagocytic activities …

After the discovery of zinc deficiency in the 1960s, it soon became clear that zinc is essential
for the function of the immune system. Zinc ions are involved in regulating intracellular …

The functional maturation and preservation of hepatic cells derived from human induced
pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are essential to personalized in vitro drug screening and …

Zinc homeostasis is crucial for an adequate function of the immune system. Zinc deficiency
as well as zinc excess result in severe disturbances in immune cell numbers and activities …

High-fat diet (HFD) leads to systemic low-grade inflammation, which has been involved in
the pathogenesis of diverse metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Colon is thought to be the …

One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of
pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize …

The innate immune system is a universal and ancient form of host defense against infection.
Innate immune recognition relies on a limited number of germline-encoded receptors. These …

The NF-κB family of transcription factors has an essential role in inflammation and innate
immunity. Furthermore, NF-κB is increasingly recognized as a crucial player in many steps of …

The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …

Toll-like receptors have a crucial role in the detection of microbial infection in mammals and
insects. In mammals, these receptors have evolved to recognize conserved products unique …