Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mass and
degraded bone microstructure, which leads to increased bone fragility and risks of bone …

Transcriptional regulation contributes to the maintenance of pluripotency, self-renewal and
differentiation in embryonic cells and in stem cells. Therefore, control of gene expression at …

The facet joint is a crucial anatomic region of the spine owing to its biomechanical role in
facilitating articulation of the vertebrae of the spinal column. It is a diarthrodial joint with …

Bone-forming cells originate from distinct embryological layers, mesoderm (axial and
appendicular bones) and ectoderm (precursor of neural crest cells, which mainly form facial …

Purpose Mechanical loading represents an integral part of intervertebral disc (IVD)
homeostasis. This review aims to summarise recent knowledge on the effects of mechanical …

Within the global pharmaceutical and biotech industries, there is significant interest in
identifying in vitro screening systems that are more human-relevant—ie, that offer greater …

Dental pulp is known to be an accessible and important source of multipotent mesenchymal
progenitor cells termed dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). DPSCs can differentiate into …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into multilineage
cell types, including adipocytes and osteoblasts. Mechanical stimulus is one of the crucial …

Bone remodeling relies on a dynamic balance between bone formation and resorption,
mediated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. Under certain stimuli …

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a common disease that has profound impact on the health of
patients, but has poor prognosis. The gold standard for the treatment of peripheral nerve …