Mutualisms are interspecies interactions in which each participant gains net benefits from
interacting with its partner. In nursery pollination mutualisms, pollinators reproduce within …

While plant galls can be induced by a variety of organisms, insects produce the most diverse
and complex galls found in nature; yet, how these galls are formed is unknown …

Beetles occur in most terrestrial and freshwater habitats and a few occupy marine
environments. The most common life‐cycle type in beetles is holometaboly. More …

The most widely recognized hymenopterans–ants, bees, and wasps or hornets–have long
been part of art, ritual, and folklore worldwide. Both extant and extinct Hymenoptera were …

1. There are over 700 species of fig trees in the tropics and several thousand species of fig
wasps are associated with their syconia (inflorescences). These wasps comprise a …

A phylogeny of the Agaonidae (Chalcidoidea) in their restricted sense, pollinators of Ficus
species (Moraceae), is estimated using 4182 nucleotides from six genes, obtained from 101 …

Galls are modified, invariably symmetrical, naturally developing plant structures that arise
because of messages from certain specialist insects, mostly from the Thysanoptera …

In the fig (Moraceae) and fig‐wasp (Agaonidae) mutualism, scent is believed to be of
primary importance in pollinator attraction and maintenance of species specificity. Scent …

Highlights•The nursery pollination mutualism between figs and fig wasps is subject to
parasitism.•Parasites can be gallers, kleptoparasites, seed predators or parasitoids.•Host …

The ancient interaction between figs (Ficus, Moraceae) and their pollinating fig wasps is an
unusual example of a mutualism between plants and gall-inducing insects. This review …