The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a major therapeutic agent that is licensed in neurological
indications, such as dystonia and spasticity. The BoNT family, which is produced in nature …

Background and Purpose Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) injections into hyperactive
muscles provide effective treatment for spasticity and dystonias, presumably due to its local …

Overt muscle activity and impaired spinal locomotor control hampering coordinated
movement is a hallmark of spasticity and movement disorders like dystonia. While botulinum …

Objective: To analyze the effects of botulinum toxin type A (BtA) in the treatment of patients
with Parkinson's disease and depression. Method: 89 patients with Parkinson's disease and …

Pain is an important nonmotor symptom in movement disorders. Dystonia is a hyperkinetic
movement disorder characterized by involuntary, sustained or intermittent muscle …

Botulinum toxin (BT) is a neurotoxin produced by fermentation of Clostridium botulinum.
There are eight serotypes of botulinum toxin (A to G), the most common of which is type A in …

BACKGROUND The evaluation of spasticity of the plantar flexors in dynamic clubfoot is
difficult due to the almost invariable concomitance of Achilles clonus, which is a semiological …

Background: Degenerative joint disease of the hip (coxarthrosis) is a highly prevalent
condition in the adult population. Conservative management measures often provide …

Cervical dystonia (CD) is the third most common movement disorder characterized by
sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal movements, postures, or …