Land use systems that integrate woody vegetation with livestock and/or crops and are
recognised for their biodiversity and cultural importance can be termed high nature and …

Due to fire suppression policies, timber harvest, and other management practices over the
last century, many low‐to mid‐elevation forests in semiarid parts of the western United …

In extensive low input farming and in agroforestry systems, the importance for biodiversity of
managed productive fields with respect to unmanaged marginal habitats that occupy a low …

The Montado is a silvopastoral system with a tree cover of predominantly Quercus suber but
also Quercus rotundifolia, where cattle or sheep graze the understory. It occupies more than …

Although forest areas have been growing in Europe, some forest types have been declining
regionally. Since the 1980 s, there have been reports of defoliation and mortality in …

Dehesas are traditional silvo-pastoral systems with scattered oak trees that maintain
considerably high biodiversity. Over the last five decades, dehesas have undergone …

Montados are silvo-pastoral systems, typical of the western Mediterranean Basin. When well
managed, these ecosystems provide relevant ecosystem services and biodiversity …

Plant facilitative interactions may persist in the long term when there are benefits for the
interacting adult plants. Whereas persistent benefits for adult nurse plants have been …

Traditional forms of agroforestry are often recognized as exemplar systems that successfully
integrate food production, biodiversity conservation and high cultural values. However many …

Recovery of Mediterranean forests after field abandonment is a slow process, even without
propagule limitations. This is mainly due to stressful conditions for seedling establishment. In …