Molecular insights into the mechanism of beneficial and adverse effects of interleukin-2 (IL-
2) have resulted in the development of improved IL-2 formulations with IL-2 receptor bias …

Cytokines are key mediators of immune responses that can modulate the antitumor activity
of immune cells. Cytokines have been explored as a promising cancer immunotherapy …

Cytokines are pivotal mediators of cell communication in the tumor microenvironment.
Multiple cytokines are involved in the host antitumor response, but the production and …

Cytokines are small proteins that modulate the activity of the immune system. Because of
their potent immunomodulatory properties, some recombinant cytokines have undergone …

Artificial intelligence (AI) has profoundly advanced the field of biomedical research, which
also demonstrates transformative capacity for innovation in drug development. This paper …

Intermolecular interactions are the fabrics underlying almost all processes in living
organisms, where two cornerstone concepts, intermolecular binding affinity (K d) and …

Current-generation cytokines are being engineered to extend their half-life and improve
tumor targeting using polyethylene glycol conjugation, fusion to tumor-targeting antibodies …

Nearly 40 years after the first cytokine-based therapy was approved for the treatment of
patients with hairy cell leukemia, investigators are taking a fresh look at ways to leverage …

Monoclonal antibodies are used as therapeutic drugs because of their predisposition for
highly specific binding to macromolecular targets. Because of their therapeutic value …