Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) include tumor cells, immune cells, cytokines, etc.
The interactions between these components, which are divided into anti-tumor and pro …

Simple Summary In the fight against cancer, immunotherapies have given great hope after
encouraging results in clinical investigations showing complete remission in some patients …

Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies have dramatically
revolutionized the therapeutic strategy against advanced malignancies, inspiring the …

The clinical benefit of PD-1 blockade can be improved by combination with CTLA4 inhibition
but is commensurate with significant immune-related adverse events suboptimally limiting …

The trillions of microorganisms in the gut microbiome have attracted much attention recently
owing to their sophisticated and widespread impacts on numerous aspects of host …

Co-inhibitory receptors are important regulators of T-cell function that define the balance
between tolerance and autoimmunity. The immune regulatory function of co-inhibitory …

Oncology has recently undergone a revolutionary change with widespread adoption of
immunotherapy for many cancers. Immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies against …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells constitute a dynamic population that is essential for controlling
immune responses in health and disease. Defects in Treg cell function and decreases in …

The immune checkpoint cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an
inhibitory regulator of T-cell mediated responses that has been investigated as target of …

Immune check point inhibitors (ICIs) have marked their existence in the field of cancer
immunotherapy. Their existence dates to 2011 when the first anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte …