Inflammation is a major characteristic of envenomation by snakes from viperine and
crotaline species. Bothrops asper snake venom elicits, among other alterations, a …

The therapy of snakebite envenomation has been based on the parenteral administration of
animal-derived antivenoms. Despite the success of this treatment at reducing the impact of …

The immune response involves a complex repertoire of innate and adaptive responses to
foreign agents in the organism. The present review focuses on the immune response to …

Envenomation by viperid snakes is characterized by systemic thrombotic syndrome and
prominent local inflammation. To date, the mechanisms underlying inflammation and blood …

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in the blood and
constitute key components of the innate immunity. Upon infection or tissue damage …

Bothropic envenomation is characterised by severe local damage caused by the toxic action
of venom components and aggravated by induced inflammation. In this comparative study …

Bothrops atrox is responsible for most accidents involving snakes in the Brazilian Amazon
and its venom induces serious systemic and local effects. The local effects are not …

Background: Snake venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) have been reported to induce
myotoxic, neurotoxic, hemolytic, edematogenic, cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects. This …

Snakebite envenoming is characterized by the injection of a mixture of proteins/toxins
present in venom following the bite of a venomous snake. The toxins have potent bioactivity …

Background and objective The snakebite mortality rate has been significantly reduced due
to effective anti-venin therapy. The intravenously infused anti-venom will neutralize free and …