Background The positive effect of education on reducing all-cause adult mortality is known;
however, the relative magnitude of this effect has not been systematically quantified. The …

Abstract 'Westernization', which incorporates industrial, cultural and dietary trends, has
paralleled the rise of noncommunicable diseases across the globe. Today, the Western-style …

Exposure to risks throughout life results in a wide variety of outcomes. Objectively judging
the relative impact of these risks on personal and population health is fundamental to …

Despite a gradual decline in smoking rates over time, exposure to secondhand smoke
(SHS) continues to cause harm to nonsmokers, who are disproportionately children and …

The health impacts of intimate partner violence against women and childhood sexual abuse
are not fully understood. Here we conducted a systematic review by comprehensively …

Background Sex and gender shape health. There is a growing body of evidence focused on
comprehensively and systematically examining the magnitude, persistence, and nature of …

Cigarette smoking killed about 8 million people every year and promoted non-small cell lung
cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the molecular mechanism of smoking-promoted NSCLC …

We read with interest the Burden of Proof (BoP) studies 1–5 in which the authors conducted
meta-analyses of epidemiological studies to provide an overall conservative quantitative …

Cigarette smoke is a classic risk factor for many diseases. The microbiota has been recently
indicated as a new, major player in human health. Its deregulation—dysbiosis—is …

By definition, aging is a natural, gradual and continuous process. On the other hand, frailty
reflects the increase in vulnerability to stressors and shortens the time without disease …