Owing to the dysregulation of protein kinase activity in many diseases including cancer, this
enzyme family has become one of the most important drug targets in the 21 st century. There …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease at the cellular and molecular levels.
Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) is a commonly mutated oncogene in CRC, with mutations in …

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in global cancer diagnosis and fourth in cancer-related death.
Despite tremendous progress in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies and significant …

Mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signalling pathways that
regulate a wide variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation …

Tyrosine kinases are implicated in tumorigenesis and progression, and have emerged as
major targets for drug discovery. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) inhibit corresponding …

Because genetic alterations including mutations, overexpression, translocations, and
dysregulation of protein kinases are involved in the pathogenesis of many illnesses, this …

The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

Although many kinds of therapies are applied in the clinic, drug-resistance is a major and
unavoidable problem. Another disturbing statistic is the limited number of drug targets, which …

Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

Several immune and immunocompetent cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages,
adipocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells, are significantly correlated with the …