Olfaction is an essential sensory modality for insects and their olfactory environment is
mostly made up of plant-emitted volatiles. The terrestrial vegetation produces an amazing …

The honeybee Apis mellifera has emerged as a robust and influential model for the study of
classical conditioning, thanks to the existence of a powerful Pavlovian conditioning protocol …

In many regions of the visual system, the activity of a neuron is normalized by the activity of
other neurons in the same region. Here we show that a similar normalization occurs during …

Equipped with a mini brain smaller than one cubic millimeter and containing only 950,000
neurons, honeybees could be indeed considered as having rather limited cognitive abilities …

Smelling monomolecular odors hardly ever occurs in everyday life, and the daily functioning
of the sense of smell relies primarily on the processing of complex mixtures of volatiles that …

The simplicity and accessibility of the olfactory systems of insects underlie a body of
research essential to understanding not only olfactory function but also general principles of …

With less than a million neurons, the western honeybee Apis mellifera is capable of complex
olfactory behaviors and provides an ideal model for investigating the neurophysiology of the …

For animals to execute odor-driven behaviors, the olfactory system must process complex
odor signals and maintain stimulus identity in the face of constantly changing odor …

Learning theories distinguish elemental from configural learning based on their different
complexity. Although the former relies on simple and unambiguous links between the …

Air pollution stemming from human activities affects the environment in which plant and
animal species live and interact. Similar to primary air pollutants which are emitted …