High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-HFS) is the
preferred surgical treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease. In the 15 years since its …

Dystonia is typically considered a movement disorder characterized by motor
manifestations, primarily involuntary muscle contractions causing twisting movements and …

Objectives: To provide a revised version of earlier guidelines published in 2006.
Background: Primary dystonias are chronic and often disabling conditions with a …

Background We have previously reported the efficacy and safety of bilateral pallidal
stimulation for primary generalised dystonia in a prospective, controlled, multicentre study …

The few reported controlled studies show that bilateral stimulation of the globus pallidus
interna (GPi) is a safe and effective long-term treatment for hyperkinetic disorders. However …

In the 1960s, ablative stereotactic surgery was employed for a variety of movement disorders
and psychiatric conditions. Although largely abandoned in the 1970s because of highly …

Nonmotor symptoms are increasingly recognized as important determinants of quality of life
and disability in a wide range of movement disorders. There is a limited body of research …

Objective: High-frequency stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is a highly
effective therapy in primary dystonia. Recent reports have also demonstrated almost …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) and ventral intermediate
thalamic nucleus (VIM) are established treatment options in primary dystonia and tremor …

Introduction: Although the benefit in motor symptoms for well-selected patients with deep
brain stimulation (DBS) has been established, cognitive declines associated with DBS can …