The association of sunrays with skin damage have been known since medieval times. The
description of the electromagnetic spectrum facilitated the identification of the ultraviolet light …

Background Global concern about vitamin D deficiency has fuelled debates on
photoprotection and the importance of solar exposure to meet vitamin D requirements …

Integrity of human skin is endangered by exposure to UV irradiation and chemical stressors,
which can provoke a toxic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative …

In addition to the naturally occurring, physical, and systemic photoprotective agents
reviewed in part I, topical ultraviolet radiation filters are an important cornerstone of …

UV radiation is the main etiological agent of most types of skin cancer and a key factor
responsible for photoaging. Photoprotection is thus critical to avoid these undesired effects …

Nicotinamide is a water‐soluble vitamin B3 derivative that has many roles in medicine. This
review examines the role of nicotinamide in dermatology and its actions in preventing …

Solar UVR (∼ 295–400nm) has acute clinical effects on the eyes and the skin. The only
effect on the eye is inflammation of the cornea (photokeratitis), which is caused by UVB (and …

The recent European recommendation on the efficacy of sunscreen products requests now a
minimum ratio of UVA/UVB protection. However, the visible and the infrared (IR) parts of the …

Background: There is increasing concern over the local and systemic side effects of TiO2
and ZnO coated nanoparticles widely used in sun blockers. Objective: To determine the …

Photoprotection is an effective method for preventing damaging effects from ultraviolet
radiation (UVR). Photoprotection is accomplished through the use of sunscreens, protective …