This paper reviews the research evidence concerning the intergenerational transmission of
trauma effects and the possible role of epigenetic mechanisms in this transmission. Two …

Early life stressors display a high universal prevalence and constitute a major public health
problem. Prolonged psychoneurobiological alterations as sequelae of early life stress (ELS) …

Exposure to stress during critical periods in development can have severe long-term
consequences, increasing overall risk on psychopathology. One of the key stress response …

Brain systems that promote the maintenance of homeostasis in face of stress have
significant adaptive value. A growing body of work across species demonstrates a critical …

The Biological Effects of Childhood Trauma - Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics Skip to
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After stress, the brain is exposed to waves of stress mediators, including corticosterone (in
rodents) and cortisol (in humans). Corticosteroid hormones affect neuronal physiology in two …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome which serves as a classic example of
psychiatric disorders that result from the intersection of nature and nurture, or gene and …

Gene expression and regulation is an important sculptor of the behavior of organisms.
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression not by altering the genetic alphabet but …

Experience of early life stress (ELS) and trauma is highly prevalent in the general population
and has a high public health impact, as it can trigger a health-related risk cascade and lead …

Highlights•Over 100 candidate gene studies have been conducted to date.•Candidate gene
studies of the HPA-axis system appear to be promising.•Genome-wide association studies …