C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute inflammatory protein that increases up to 1,000-fold at
sites of infection or inflammation. CRP is produced as a homopentameric protein, termed …

Cell death is an essential biological process for physiological growth and development.
Three classical forms of cell death—apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis—display distinct …

Background and aims Insulin resistance is related closely to metabolic syndrome (MetS).
The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is the most commonly …

Despite advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular
diseases (CVDs) and expansion of available therapies, the global burden of CVD …

Among the most extensively researched processes in the development and treatment of
cancer is inflammatory condition. Although acute inflammation is essential for the wound …

Acute inflammation is a response to an alteration induced by a pathogen or a physical or
chemical insult, which functions to eliminate the source of the damage and restore …

Nutrition plays an essential role in the regulation of optimal immunological response, by
providing adequate nutrients in sufficient concentrations to immune cells. There are a large …

Microplastics which are gradually and randomly decompose into small fragment by
exposure of physical and biological external stress are emerging as a significant threat to …

Here, we review a novel concept namely the compensatory immune-regulatory reflex system
(CIRS) as applied to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar …

Background Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used in the treatment of certain
autoimmune diseases but given the role of TNF in tumour biology and atherosclerosis, such …