A wealth of research over the past 2 decades has expanded our understanding of the impact
of early‐life adversity on physiological function and, consequently, health and wellbeing in …

Self-destructive behavior in current society promotes a search for psychobiological factors
underlying this epidemic. Perinatal brain plasticity increases the vulnerability to early …

Clinical and laboratory investigations of neonatal pain suggest that preterm neonates have
an increased sensitivity to pain and that acute painful stimuli lead to the development of …

Human preterm neonates are subjected to repetitive pain during neonatal intensive care.
We hypothesized that exposure to repetitive neonatal pain may cause permanent or long …

Laboratory conditions in biobehavioral experiments are commonly assumed to be
'controlled', having little impact on the outcome. However, recent studies have illustrated that …

Separate breeding colonies of C57BL/6 (“B6”) mice maintained at the Jackson Laboratories
(“J”) and NIH (“N”) have led to the emergence of two distinct substrains of C57BL/6 mice …

Surgical operations without adequate anesthesia were performed routinely in newborn
infants less than a decade ago. Widespread medical beliefs supported this practice, which …

Assessing the experience of pain in animals is a difficult task, yet one that is important in
animal welfare research. Some approaches to pain assessment in animals are reviewed …

Recently, several studies have suggested that neonatal noxious insult could alter future
responses to painful stimuli. However, the manifestations, mechanisms, and even …

Strong noxious stimulation is normally absent or very rare in neonates, who are
evolutionarily programmed to avoid such experiences by close association with their …