Venom (toxins) is an important trait evolved along the evolutionary tree of animals. Our
knowledges on venoms, such as their origins and loss, the biological relevance and the …

Highlights•Hyper-diverse Hymenoptera order includes parasitic and social
insects.•Economically impactful for biological control and pollination.•Though second most …

Bumblebees are a diverse group of globally important pollinators in natural ecosystems and
for agricultural food production. With both eusocial and solitary life-cycle phases, and some …

Animals with recent shared ancestry frequently adapt in parallel to new but similar habitats,
a process often underlined by repeated selection of the same genes. Yet, in contrast, few …

Antibiotics are omnipresent in the environment due to their widespread use, and they have
wide-ranging negative impacts on organisms. Virus resistance differs substantially between …

Most bacterial species encompass strains with vastly different gene content. Strain diversity
in microbial communities is therefore considered to be of functional importance. Yet little is …

Acute toxicities (LD50s) of imidacloprid and clothianidin to Apis mellifera and A. cerana were
investigated. Changing patterns of immune-related gene expressions and the activities of …

Understanding the genetic basis of adaption is a central task in biology. Populations of the
honey bee Apis mellifera that inhabit the mountain forests of East Africa differ in behavior …

The mechanisms by which organisms adapt to variable environments are a fundamental
question in evolutionary biology and are important to protect important species in response …

The growing crisis of bee health has shone a spotlight on the problems facing pollinator
populations in many parts of the world, the worrying implications for agriculture and …