This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Once acquired, a fearful memory can persist for a lifetime. Although learned fear can be
extinguished, extinction memories are fragile. The resilience of fear memories to extinction …

Dysregulated prefrontal control over amygdala is engaged in the pathogenesis of psychiatric
diseases including depression and anxiety disorders. Here we show that, in a rodent anxiety …

Brain systems that promote the maintenance of homeostasis in face of stress have
significant adaptive value. A growing body of work across species demonstrates a critical …

The study of fear extinction represents an important example of translational neuroscience in
psychiatry and promises to improve the understanding and treatment of anxiety and fear …

Anxiety-related conditions are among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat
pharmacologically, but respond to cognitive therapies. There has therefore been interest in …

Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders,
and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the …

Anxiety-related disorders can be treated by cognitive therapies and transcranial magnetic
stimulation, which involve the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Subregions of the mPFC …

Preclinical and clinical studies implicate endocannabinoids (eCBs) in fear extinction, but the
underlying neural circuit basis of these actions is unclear. Here, we employed in vivo …

The role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in human pavlovian threat
conditioning has been relegated largely to the extinction or reversal of previously acquired …