The study of the neuronal basis of walking has attracted many investigators. This derives in
part from the fact that the results of studies on the generation of walking move-Ž. ments are …

Skeletal muscle innervation differs between vertebrates and insects. Insect muscle fibers
exhibit graded electrical potentials and are innervated by excitatory, inhibitory, and also …

We investigated the properties of the extensor tibiae muscle of the stick insect (Carausius
morosus) middle leg. Muscle geometry of the middle leg was compared to that of the front …

Terrestrial locomotor behavior in variable environments requires resilience to sudden
changes in substrate properties. For example, walking animals can adjust to substantial …

Producing context-appropriate motor acts requires integrating multiple sensory modalities.
Presynaptic inhibition of proprioceptive afferent neurons 1–4 and afferents of different …

Insects are highly capable walkers, but many questions remain regarding how the insect
nervous system controls locomotion. One particular question is how information is …

Vertebrates and arthropods are both capable of load compensation during aimed limb
movements, such as reaching and grooming. We measured the kinematics and activity of …

Foreleg trajectory in the mantis strike varies depending on prey distance. To examine how
muscle activities affect foreleg trajectory, we recorded strike behaviours of the Chinese …

Animal, and insect walking (locomotion) in particular, have attracted much attention from
scientists over many years up to now. The investigations included behavioral …

In legged animals, the muscle system has a dual function: to produce forces and torques
necessary to move the limbs in a systematic way, and to maintain the body in a static …