As blooms of cyanobacteria expand and intensify in freshwater systems globally, there is
increasing interest in their ecological effects. In addition to being public health hazards …

Blue‐green algae are found in lakes, ponds, rivers and brackish waters throughout the
world. In case of excessive growth such as bloom formation, these bacteria can produce …

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with wide geographic distribution that can
produce secondary metabolites named cyanotoxins. These toxins can be classified into …

In this paper, we study the dynamics of a time fractional order toxic-phytoplankton–
phytoplankton–zooplankton system (TPPZS). Routh–Hurwitz criteria is applied to discuss …

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years with
eutrophication and other anthropogenic alterations of coastal ecosystems. Many of these …

To theoretically address the effects of random environmental change on the growth of
plankton, we propose a stochastic phytoplankton–zooplankton model with toxin-producing …

In plankton ecology, it is a fundamental question as to how a large number of competing
phytoplankton species coexist in marine ecosystems under a seemingly-limited variety of …

Filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria form extensive summer blooms in the Baltic Sea.
Their ability to fix dissolved N 2 allows cyanobacteria to circumvent the general summer …

Abstract Cyanobacteria of the Baltic Sea have multiple effects on organisms that influence
the food chain dynamics on several trophic levels. Cyanobacteria contain several bioactive …

Marine planktonic copepods are important grazers on harmful algae (HA) species of
phytoplankton, and copepods are major entry points for vectorial intoxication of pelagic food …