Executive functions (EFs) include high-order cognitive abilities such as working memory,
inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, planning, reasoning, and problem solving. EFs enable …

Brain dopamine (DA) has long been implicated in cognitive control processes, including
working memory. However, the precise role of DA in cognition is not well-understood, partly …

One of the most salient attributes of information is valence: whether a piece of news is good
or bad. Contrary to classic learning theories, which implicitly assume beliefs are adjusted …

Romania's Abandoned Children reveals the heartbreaking toll paid by children deprived of
responsive care, stimulation, and human interaction. Compared with children in foster care …

Parkinson's disease (PD) results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the
substantia nigra. Current PD medications treat symptoms; none halt or retard dopaminergic …

Psychiatric disorders are characterized by sex differences in their prevalence,
symptomatology and treatment response. Animal models have been widely employed for …

Quantitative genetic studies (ie, twin and adoption studies) suggest that genetic influences
contribute substantially to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) …

Cognitive abnormalities are common in Parkinson's disease, with important social and
economic implications. Factors influencing their evolution remain unclear but are crucial to …

Background: Cigarette smoking is the main cause of preventable death in developed
countries. While the direct positive behavioral reinforcing effect of nicotine has historically …

In this article we develop the concept that the hippocampus and the midbrain dopaminergic
neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) form a functional loop. Activation of the loop …